CG JUNG'S REHABILITATION OF THE FEELING FUNCTION IN OUR CIVILIZATION
At 21-to 23-year-old medical student, Jung held four lectures to his fellow students in the fraternity-Zofingia in Basel. In one of them, in 1897, he cited the following passage from Kant's psychology: "The main thing is always the morality, this is the sacred and inviolable and must protect what we do, and this is the reason and purpose of all our speculations and investigations. All metaphysical speculations go beyond it. God and the "other world" is the only aim of all our philosophical investigation, and if the ideas of God and of the "other world" was not connected with morality, they would not "profitable.
Then - after a sharp attack on the materialism of his hand, in general - continues Jung: "You must, first and foremost as a" revolution from above "of science and morality impose on their representatives by certain transcendent truths [...] One has eg in the physiological institutions where you deliberately weakens the moral discernment of students through shameful, barbaric experiments by cruel, all humanity mocking talking animal cruelty in such institutions shall I say, you have to teach that any truth which will explored in immoral way, a moral right to exist to come. " (Emphasis mine). Then
Jung returns back to Kant and underscores the idea that only guarantee the belief in realities that are beyond the gross material world, a moral attitude of the people can. What I want to emphasize by these items is: Jung was in itself an introverted thinking type, but even in this youth talk is his feeling expressed. He was never a cold intellectual. Since this talk 84 years have passed, and where we stand today with respect to this problem?
The cruel torture of animals has not only in scientific laboratories but also recently vertausendfältigt in agriculture and spread consistently to the torture of countless People around the world. Military experts expect today in cold blood, as might be destroyed in a nuclear war, millions of people. Granted - it's their job, but you do not notice anymore that they are shocked and depressed when they face Sun But these facts are known, so I turn first to the Middle prefer lying, namely our own field: psychology. At universities, there is the trump statistics, only "hard", ie, statistical statements to be taken seriously. Jung, however, has long least a finger on the sore point out: The statistics describe only an intellectual - abstract image of the investigated object, not its reality, if we determine, for example, that in a pile of stones that weigh on average 1 / 2 kg, we will find in fact not a single stone of almost exactly the weight! We construct an abstract model of reality and then mix it with the current reality that is seen but specifically from nothing but exceptions. All mathematically based sciences go this route, and because Jung did not cooperate, they accused him of being "unscientific"-perhaps this is even true, but Jung is more realistic. In therapy, raised young on the distance in the white coat of the doctor who treated the patient as an impersonal object he encountered any patient with his personal feelings, whether positive or negative, and made then each analytic session of a personal encounter. Young students smuggle we1che again as the required technical procedures discussing the transfer, are simply regresses back into a vorjüngsche thinking. This is especially the so-called problem of the transfer, that is just the emotional relationship, but which is treated as a manipulable variable.
In a letter Jung explicitly: "The resolution of the transference is often simply that one ceases to describe his relationship as a transfer. This word devalues the relationship with the mere projection, it is not. Transmission is the illusion of their uniqueness when they are the collective and conventional position provides. "Uniqueness" lies solely between individuated only people they have no other relations as an individual, that is unique "(l). Therefore - we must conclude - if the word transmission is used only where it seeks to intentionally devalue any illusionary projections, but not for the emotional relationship that builds up slowly over the course of treatment.
course is a false kindness and friendliness of all income, as shown by some analysts to their patients, just as wrong - it follows the old role of general practitioners and serves as camouflage to not express the true feelings of its own to have, feelings that are often not all-loving, ie to avoid frictions and confrontations. This Persona-friendliness is a derivative of Christian sentiment, which I shall return later.
But first, back to the problem of science: our modern scientific and technological world and their way of life is made up mainly of scientists, whose main function is extraverted or introverted thinking, coupled with extra - or introverted sensation. In physics, for example, draw the introvert like Einstein, Bohr, Pauli, etc. from the theoretical physics, the extraverts such as Wernher von Braun, the experimental physics. The intuition function is not completely locked out, because you need speculative ideas to find new models of thought. But the feeling is nowhere, mostly in childish, well-meaning phrases uttered, all of which "should" contain the word. And with the exception of Niels Bohr, physicist have all the contracts referred to in the production of the atomic bomb worked, or want to work! Today, with the physicists in the U.S., a trend of Hindu philosophy which, although anti-materialistic, but the life of the individual 'considered for anything.
inhuman As has become the modern medicine, needs no comments. The newspapers are full of it, but does occur almost nothing. One can therefore not assess the lonely pioneering work of Dr. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross is high enough to dare a step in the right direction.
Another area where our sense failed miserably, the so-called development aid. The doctor Benno Glauser has also an excellent article in the journal of Switzerland. Red Cross (2) age. It reveals how we are trying to "help" people from other cultures by them but also try to impose our religious or scientific views, and thus destroy their own spiritual and religious survival. Our doctors, missionaries, planners and agricultural consultants will all of the condition of that we "know" what is right or wrong for others, and they are then disappointed and angry respectively, if these people refuse to help with our apathy, resistance and so-called ingratitude. I would like to quote from Glauser article, which is a Pai Indians in Paraguay said one medicine's assistant (3): "For us, Pai health is a state that" we call tekoresai ", so is that of" a state of being healthy "ensures need different things and situations are given, they all belong to the "state of being healthy" and make him the Pf1anzen and trees, taken individually as a remedy, but also all the plants and Trees together, true and balanced words spoken, good food, non-over-the-heads-of-other-across-action, and the jungle, the harmony, the community, talking with others, and talks, and maintenance of our "way of his ", and our own cultural life unfl nature, the feeling of strength that we through all the things I have mentioned, is given, the holding together of our community, quiet and live in security in our country, living together in the family and in the community and the parties. - Then comes your whites and makes us dependent on money and other material things: it destroys our "state of being healthy." Your leads to gossip, talk badly about others, you take our land away, to say no country no food, no food means disease. And in the end you attack in your pocket, pulls out a small white pill and want us to believe that the fact that we eat this pill, health lie that this pill is health ... "
All our destructive actions based how Glauser stresses on a fundamental lack of respect for other people and his sense of different cultural values - in other words, a lack of genuine feeling differentiated. We really know exactly at this disastrous effects of our behavior and the growing hatred of other Nations against the white race, but we do not seem to be able to do something about it.
One need not go so far to remote peoples to go to the same callous attitude prevails also with us to design from one group to another in front of our urban and regional planners as to their drawing board city and road plans to destroy that after the happiness of countless people . They think in cold blood, that if a dispossessed farmer receives a Adaequate monetary compensation or replacement land, there was no need requirements. The fact that the peasant but maybe loves his special piece of land does not count. Or we get old people out of their slum dwellings, where they Keep cats and birds feeding surprised us and then when they die promptly in their new so-called better, more hygienic environment, where do not like cats and bird dirt.
But what shall we do then? Our policy and change our legislation more extensively? For the latter apparently treated these problems? Erich Neumann wanted to set up in a militant way, in his book Depth Psychology and New Ethics "new moral boards, his book has made an impression, but in the land yielded no results. This is probably not the way to deal with the problem. I think the 22-year-old Jung has put his finger on the main point, namely, that first the "reality the soul, "must recognize that the unconscious and thus the reality of God's image or the self, and a trans-physical reality before we tackle anything else. Let me give an example: I was not long ago in Germany held a lecture on dreams of dying, which seem to point to a possible life after death. After the lecture, a nurse came in tears to me and said: "What did you say, can not and must not be true, because otherwise I would have to admit me as terrible things you did not say what ...!», but she has apparently dying patients ill-treated - perhaps stolen - in the belief that they no longer are aware there, so that their actions had no consequences anymore. But of course if her soul was still there and around? That would be a different matter. It is no coincidence that Dr. Kubler-Ross now, I am told to submit to spiritualism begins. It is the logical continuation of their work with dying, if you do not like us is convinced of the reality of the unconscious. Her feeling she leads logically to this step.
existed in all religions of all times and there is the idea of a god or gods and of an "other world" of non-material life, and only that alone can form the foundation of real ethics. "Deviation from Numen", so writes Jung, "Seems to apply everywhere and always as the worst and most original evil." (4)
Conversely, the essence of ethics on the phenomenon of conscience is founded on a feeling that the relationship between "individual and the transcendent" (5) or the archetype of the self.
What we are seeing in the other hand, the gross material world is all unjust suffering and the triumph of injustice. By the decency, you are a naive fool if you use them. The innocent suffering of the early Christian martyrs exercised at least an effect on the mass and so many converted to Christianity. But who remembers today the name of the young German school teacher who went voluntarily with his Jewish shui children into the gas chamber to console her? What does the suffering of the brave dissidents and Christians in Russia? Nothing! We read about it in the newspapers and put it with a resigned shrug aside.
Dr. Liliane Frey has published the dream of a dying patient, whose life was a series of external failures was. He dreamed: (6) "A voice ... said to me: "Your work and the suffering you have endured conscious, have saved hundreds of generations before you and will act in a hundred generations enlightening for You»
. Again, the existence of a world beyond is crucial. In a material world just is no solace to this man
But why should this have to do specifically to do with the feeling function? 1st recognition of a psychological reality is not important for all four functions of consciousness? Obviously, the value of ethics "in the main a product of the highly differentiated feeling function" (7), as Jung writes, it also requires a certain intelligence, which I shall return later. But in any case can not exist without ethics differentiated feelings, otherwise it becomes a rigid code of conduct, ie, a purely collective must. Anyone can do this, if for example a simple Polizeiverorduung is used schematically, and across the Great, we see how the state apparatus works in Russia.
But could someone argue, then where are the emotional type, which finally should be present in large numbers in any population? Why do they compensate for this contingency is not? We need to make a distinction between the existence of the collective feeling types and style of the time and the collective attitude of a culture. Of course we have many types of sensing with differentiated feeling among us, but the fashion of the time spirit of collective behavior, and valuing, recognizing the feeling not. This weakens the influence of emotion even when feeling types. In addition, the inferior function is a sensing type, as we know, thinking. This is therefore often follow the low-quality contemporary trends, in our time: the cheap materialism and intellectualism. Thus, we see example in some Latin cultures, a preference for the Communist ideology in its most stupid form, while the people themselves are rather less callous and not subjected to as many non-Latin peoples. I am thinking of Spain, Italy and some South American countries. What is all that bad, is that the official Zeitgeist today devalues the feeling. We hear often as the sentence (eg against the opponents of nuclear power) that they "just feel arguments instead of rational reasons cited for their cause," and that the mil secondary meaning, a sense that argument is nonsense eo ipso. Similar is evident among the youth unrest. Well-meaning authorities are trying again and again, with the rebellious youth "reasonable" (in quotes) to negotiate, without success, because these young people are moved by very vague, mostly negative feelings they may not translate into a thought or sensation language. Although some governments to beat before a very generous program for unemployed youth to enable them to further education. This is certainly good and right, but will it help enough? If an unemployed young rebel to rebel cease when he learns a bit more electronics? We know that the Soviets paid the rebels in part, but it is enough then that we lay down money? I do not think we will align as much if we keep ourselves on the level of the rational materialist thinking, not that the latter would be wrong as a whole, it is only wrong if we think it is the whole. Jung writes in a letter, (8) that we have become "one-sided intellectually and rationally" and have "forgotten that there are other factors, which are distinguished by the straight lines of reason and reason can not make influence. Therefore we see everywhere a flare of a mystical emotion, we1che one since the Middle Ages had declared missing. " This is a compensation of the technical progress made too quickly.
We need more than just understanding and reason, because the latter, young people make even more angry and we should give them a creative new total view of existence and may indeed offer a spiritual non-materialistic view as a whole, I believe we should connect with can make the unconscious as a psychic reality to which we not only with the mind, but also relate with the feeling and emotion must. How does it relate to the many forms of Eastern mysticism, which come to us now so fashionable? They too will turn into something intellectual easily, they turn primarily to the thinking and intuition, or as forms of yoga to the sensation. These teachings are in fact, as Jung points out, properly theological systems that respect the individual and his individual relationship to the divine little if at all. "Due to much Eastern knowledge," he writes, (9) "is ... replaced direct experience and thus obstructed access to psychology. However, it is understandable that people always try all possible paths, first, before they may decide to make their way into the untrodden. "
And in a letter to Miguel Serrano (l0), he continues: "They are two good representatives of East and West chose. Krishnamurti is completely irrational and let the solutions to the quietness, that is, whether, as belonging to mother nature to happen by itself. Toynbee its part believes that opinions can be formed and shaped. Neither the one nor the other believes in the flowering and - deployment of the individual as an experiment and to a dubious and perplexing work of God. Him we must lend our eyes and ears and our discerning mind ... "(because God We will get to consciousness). "We are in urgent need of a truth or a self-understanding, similar to that of ancient Egypt, as I found it at the Taos Pueblos still alive. The leader of their cult, the old Ochwiah Biano (mountain lake) told me. "We are the VoIk who lives on the roof of the world, we are the sons of the sun, which is our father every day we help him to be working ... We do this not only for ourselves but also for the Americans ... if they continue with it and stop us, they will see that not everything in 10 years the sun rises ". He rightly assumes that her dying day, their light, their awareness and sense when the narrowness of the American Rationalism destroys them. And the world will happen when it is delivered to the same rationalism. "
Elsewhere (11) stressed young that if we are the teachings of the East übrnehmen uncritically, we are obviously opinions more important than life in his own interior, so the hope and the liberating ecstasy of inner primal experience solidify soon to a predominantly intellectual effort, so We then take an original experience as a method have driven imitation.
suppress some Eastern methods even the unconscious, instead of establishing a relationship with him. (12) All of this will suffice to show that in Jung's view there is no true can be ethics without a living original experience of the divine. It is available by attaching to any theological or other education. Original experience can only be experienced by individuals, which I did not know, to me is the really real, it can exist in my head as an idea or opinion, but it is not experience. It matters a lot if I knew only from books and white elephants, that they exist, or if I've touched a saw, smelled,. Only this is a real experience, when I myself do with all functions, including the feeling of experiencing.
But what then of the Christian charity, it is not the end, what we look for and return to where we should? Certainly, Christianity was largely an emotional experience at the beginning. The first Christians were mostly slaves and uneducated people, and their brother or sister love each other created a fruitful bond between them. Vie1e early Christians even boasted of not being intellectual. But soon gained theological doctrinaire, dogmatic quarrels and other creditors follow the upper hand, and the all-embracing charity was concentrated by the principle of power, that enemy of all forms of love.
The Marxist slogan of the international solidarity is in some ways a return to early Christian ideal of love, However, without notice, based on the transcendent, only on the material side of existence.
In our time all the nations of the earth have become each other technically, economically and spiritually-oriented, and we therefore require more of a general sense of community. This is actually a strong point in the kornmunistischen propaganda. (13) Since the Sovietsystem many of his supporters disappointed in this regard has to turn many a Euro-communism and other needs. Che Guevara in South America is often literally as a hero of love celebrated, especially by women. Despite all the disappointments turn, many religious leaders of all denominations to Marxism because they feel that he is close to the early Christian ideal of brotherly love. But wherever communism has come to power, he has had the opposite results. Jung writes: (14) "The collective system, called political party or state: have a destructive effect on human relationships. They can also be easily destroyed, because the individual is still in a state of unconsciousness is, is the tremendous growth we1cher and the merger of the masses, not grown. As we know, is aimed at all the major effort to totälitaren States, personal relationships by fear and mistrust to undermine, the s produced an atomized mass in which the human Vollkornmen soul is stifled. Even the relationship between parents and children we1che of the closest and most natural, is torn by the State [...] The only way to stop this is to develop awareness of the individual. Thus it is immune to the lure of the collective organizations. Only thus will receive his soul, because their life is based on the human relationship. (15) The emphasis must be on the Incarnation are conscious and "is not on the state organization. And elsewhere: (16) "The unity and coexistence of mankind is one of the most important existential questions. But it is complicated by the fact that the individual must be self-present, which is possible only if the Community has only a relative value. Otherwise they are flooded and destroyed even the individual, and then there is not even her. In other words, a true community can only be formed by independent individuals who can be only up to a certain extent, community manager. Only they can meet the set in each of God's will ... "(genuine community needs" psychological understanding and empathy for different points of view ").
Many, mostly left-wing teenagers nowadays are experimenting with living in a community by trying using the merit of a new form of community relationship. But to conclude from what I have learned, such communities are breaking apart again due to internal disputes. The enthusiastic feeling of a loving accepting the other containing not when it comes to everyday life continues, because it's sentimental, a caricature, idealistic. Explosive blast consequently affects the community. Affects and emotions are but the signs of an undifferentiated feeling. I approached some young people who lived in communities, and it was all like other people, and in terms of their emotional relationships, but it led mostly to the fact that they left their original community and created instead a circle of personal friends . Now make many a cult of affects and emotions in a positive form of musical "happenings" or negatively by the Kravalle. The Kravallanten often think that they express feelings, but this is not entirely true, because feelings are coupled only in a primitive state with emotion, feeling is not differentiated, however emotionally. (17) Maintain awareness emotions and affects pathological and ultimately leads to self destruction. What is wrong but not with the Christian charity and its secular-materialist sequels in socialism and communism? Its positive aspect is a certain amount of general human compassion that connects us with all people, but their negative Emotional aspect is childish sentimentality, the latter simply the flip side of brutality. (19) While our old ladies knitting wool pants for the naked little Niggers, destroyed the life of slave handlers of the same denominations of thousands of black people. This is just an example of that sentiment and Brutaität are two sides of a case. We can not return to such a childish Christian charity, but we must return to her as a general love of humanity to a higher level. How would that look like? Jung calls it a new form of Eros (Love), a wholly-making, healing Effect and the aura of a individuated personality. (20)
This Eros is incidentally a female principle. (21) This form of love was symbolized in the alchemical tradition, by a strange image, through rose-colored blood, which heals the Sorcerer's Stone, or "homo putissimus" sweat out and all people. Homo putissimus means the purest and most genuine (non-alloy) Man, in contrast to Christ, the homo purissimus, the purest man. (22) He is a man who knows everything human and no foreign influence or admixture distorted. He would, it says, free the world from evil at the end of time through his rose-colored blood. This symbolizes a certain Eros, the many individuals, and agrees and makes all the sense of failure and to compensate for our time, a form of love that is greater self-knowledge and insight mil connected. The former Christian love was too blind and lack of insight, can be explained by it, even the Inquisition. "The blind is love," said Jung, (23) "the more instinctive it is, and threatened with destructive consequences, because it is a Dynamis, which requires the form and direction." For their proper use is required, therefore, a heightened awareness and a higher position, for an unconscious person is fooled by its projections and can not really question the other love and see how he is. Too large of emotion unconsciousness also produces an excessive and often first to intimacy, a judgment-free self-unite, which is then blown apart in a enantiodromia by an emotional outburst. A differentiated emotional relationship, however, a certain distance one, which is different in each case. Jung writes in a letter: (24) "The distance reductions are part of the most important and most difficult chapter of individuation. The danger is always that the distance is only reduced on one side, from which inevitably creates a kind of rape mil subsequent resentment. Every relationship has its optimum distance, which are naturally found empirically must ... The resistors must be carefully considered ... "Young notes that this is particularly difficult between husband and wife, because it interferes even sexuality. A differentiated relationship would be at the same time feeling a deep empathy and warm personal proximity to others as well as a certain distance, an understanding and a lack of understanding, the latter being the silent respect of the mystery of the other person means. For blind and driven lover brings this distance a big pain, but it guarantees him or her and his or her freedom, without which individuation is not possible. This seems to me a point of great importance and future role to be.
In a discussion about the danger of a third war, this time probably nuclear war, Young stated that would be the only drag a worldwide religious movement detected, (25) which led to a general reversal. Since Jung wrote this in 1945, we can observe that tests done in this direction at different locations: a revival of Islam, sects such as the Baha'i, the Korean Moonies, Buddhist missions, or the countless Hindu gurus. They all try to trigger such a world movement, not least the Catholic Church, in the still "the mind touches the animal mass," (26) as well as the recent events in Poland demonstrate once again. But all so1che re1igiösen systems are unfortunately not just a redeeming factor that they have themselves also a dangerous shadow. An archetype that moves the masses out, mostly to the fact that people think that they possessed only the truth, so they pursue dissenters so. Also desirable religious leaders like political leaders time and again that the individual is totally his, identifies the truth that still remains on one side. "Even if there should be a great truth, the identification would thus be something like a disaster by the fact still is more spiritual development. Instead of finding one then has only conviction, and that is sometimes more convenient and "so attractive (27) In other words. A worldwide religious movement we could but for the spiritual desolation of materialism and perhaps save of a third world war, but would still have the disadvantage of supporting a certain mass mentality. Only a conscious understanding of his own shadow and the shadow of the archetypes, that is, the religious forces could protect us from being swept away by the mass psyche and tendency to self-destruction. This means that we have a differentiated sense of relationship-including the required distance to the inner powers need to develop an "I-Thou relationship should produce the self, the deity or the numinosum and develop it instead of an uncritical religious fanaticism, which is based on a possession by the numinosum.
The emotional relationship outside of neighbor and goes to the archetypal powers inside in a strange way, hand in hand. In his memoirs, in fact pointed Jung, that the criterion of a life the relationship with the infinite, ie, the numinous world of the archetype. (28) "Only if I know that the Infinite is the essence, I switch my interest not to Futilitäten ... In the end you will be considered only because of the essential, and if one does not have is wasted life. Also in relation to other people, it is crucial whether the limitless expressed in it or not. " Jung says the fact that a deeper relationship with the other only over the possible self. From I to I usually consist of only superficial interest groups. As the self is affected in a relationship, I can not perform here. Jung has tried to present in his books on the transmission and mystery Coniunctionis. Again and again, but it remains a mysterious adventure of love.
It seems to me-now-to complete that today, boys concerns will gradually understood better than during his lifetime, but that these essential point, the rehabilitation of interpersonal Eros and a more sophisticated sense of relatedness to the transcendent far too little is seen. Too many people see guys statements as a philosophical system or theory or worse than a new collective ideology or a new direction in psychological theory, what are they not all. The analytic process is a process of purely empirical experience in we1chem psychology ultimately transcends itself as a pure science. (29) During this process, all the living encounter with internal and external entities to which we must establish a sense of relationship. Jung's emphasis on individual elements is deliberately and intentionally one-sided, to compensate for the currently prevailing collective bias. "There," he wrote in 1934, (30) "is always the two positions and will give irnmer, namely the position of social leader who, where he is an idealist, salvation in a more or less complete suppression of the individual ( favor del Community) sees, and the spiritual leader who seeks to achieve an improvement only in the individual. I see no possibility of reconciliation between the two, since they form an essential pair of opposites that the world in balance. " Jung saw his own role in the improvement of the individual, what is not without personal and is unique emotional relationship. Maybe he will go down later in the story than that sought knight who brought back the Community of the disappeared Graal vessel, the feminine principle of Eros, that is, as those "homo putissimus" del A1chemie who exuded a rose-colored blood, a new form of healing and all-giving love, which pick up even the just-mentioned dichotomy collective not individual, but could be bridged.
(1) letter to Mrs. Froebe Kapteyn 16 August 1947, dt not in the output. MANUAL: Letters.Vol. 1, p. 475, translated by me.
(2) 'no. 5.1. July 1981, p. 13 ff
(3) Lc. P. 17/18.
(4) Letters Vol Ill, p. 103, letter dated 11 VI. 1957th
(5) See ibid Ill, p. 27, v. 26 Letters V. 56th See letter v. 9 Vil. 57, ibid p., 114
(6) 1m radius of death. Daimon, Zurich 1980, p. 34
(7) Letters vol 1, p. 293, 20th Letter 37th Ill.
(8) Covers Vol l, p. 170, 10 X. 33.
(9) 29 January 1934, Letters I, p. 183
(10) 14 September 1960, Volume III, p. 344 See also 8th June 1943, Letters I, p. 392 ff n (11) 9 X. 60 Letters III, p. 350 f.
(12) letters sixth XII. 60 Letters III, p. 362 / 3
(13) See Collected Works, vol 10, p. 290 and passim.
(14) 12 July 1947, Letter 11, p. 90
(15) My emphasis.
(16) 17. VIII, 1957, Letters Vol III, p. 119 See also letter of 8.1.50, and 23.9.49 Letters Vol II. Letters Vol 11
(17) Letter 7.2.50, Vol II, p. 174
(18) Letter 29.1.42, in the English edition, Vol 1, p. 312
(19) See Letter 10.5.32, Volume 1, p. 126
(20) Of the Würzeln of consciousness. Zurich 1954th The Philosophical Tree, Chapter 7, p. 411 ff The rose-colored blood and the rose.
(21) Engl Letters Vol 1, p. 465
(22) Würzeln, 1.c., p. 412th
(23) Würzeln, 1.c., p. 414
(24) 20.9.28 Letter, Letters vol 1, p. 79
(25) Cf. 12:12:45 Letter, Volume 1, p. 496 26 Ibid.
(27) Quoted from the Würzeln, 1.c., p. 585.
(28) Erinnerungen, Träume, Gedanken Walter Olten 1981, S. 327 / 8 (llte Aufl.) Unterstreichung meine
(29) Von den Wurzeln, Le., S. 590/91.
(30) 10.19.1934, Briefe 1, S. 226
At 21-to 23-year-old medical student, Jung held four lectures to his fellow students in the fraternity-Zofingia in Basel. In one of them, in 1897, he cited the following passage from Kant's psychology: "The main thing is always the morality, this is the sacred and inviolable and must protect what we do, and this is the reason and purpose of all our speculations and investigations. All metaphysical speculations go beyond it. God and the "other world" is the only aim of all our philosophical investigation, and if the ideas of God and of the "other world" was not connected with morality, they would not "profitable.
Then - after a sharp attack on the materialism of his hand, in general - continues Jung: "You must, first and foremost as a" revolution from above "of science and morality impose on their representatives by certain transcendent truths [...] One has eg in the physiological institutions where you deliberately weakens the moral discernment of students through shameful, barbaric experiments by cruel, all humanity mocking talking animal cruelty in such institutions shall I say, you have to teach that any truth which will explored in immoral way, a moral right to exist to come. " (Emphasis mine). Then
Jung returns back to Kant and underscores the idea that only guarantee the belief in realities that are beyond the gross material world, a moral attitude of the people can. What I want to emphasize by these items is: Jung was in itself an introverted thinking type, but even in this youth talk is his feeling expressed. He was never a cold intellectual. Since this talk 84 years have passed, and where we stand today with respect to this problem?
The cruel torture of animals has not only in scientific laboratories but also recently vertausendfältigt in agriculture and spread consistently to the torture of countless People around the world. Military experts expect today in cold blood, as might be destroyed in a nuclear war, millions of people. Granted - it's their job, but you do not notice anymore that they are shocked and depressed when they face Sun But these facts are known, so I turn first to the Middle prefer lying, namely our own field: psychology. At universities, there is the trump statistics, only "hard", ie, statistical statements to be taken seriously. Jung, however, has long least a finger on the sore point out: The statistics describe only an intellectual - abstract image of the investigated object, not its reality, if we determine, for example, that in a pile of stones that weigh on average 1 / 2 kg, we will find in fact not a single stone of almost exactly the weight! We construct an abstract model of reality and then mix it with the current reality that is seen but specifically from nothing but exceptions. All mathematically based sciences go this route, and because Jung did not cooperate, they accused him of being "unscientific"-perhaps this is even true, but Jung is more realistic. In therapy, raised young on the distance in the white coat of the doctor who treated the patient as an impersonal object he encountered any patient with his personal feelings, whether positive or negative, and made then each analytic session of a personal encounter. Young students smuggle we1che again as the required technical procedures discussing the transfer, are simply regresses back into a vorjüngsche thinking. This is especially the so-called problem of the transfer, that is just the emotional relationship, but which is treated as a manipulable variable.
In a letter Jung explicitly: "The resolution of the transference is often simply that one ceases to describe his relationship as a transfer. This word devalues the relationship with the mere projection, it is not. Transmission is the illusion of their uniqueness when they are the collective and conventional position provides. "Uniqueness" lies solely between individuated only people they have no other relations as an individual, that is unique "(l). Therefore - we must conclude - if the word transmission is used only where it seeks to intentionally devalue any illusionary projections, but not for the emotional relationship that builds up slowly over the course of treatment.
course is a false kindness and friendliness of all income, as shown by some analysts to their patients, just as wrong - it follows the old role of general practitioners and serves as camouflage to not express the true feelings of its own to have, feelings that are often not all-loving, ie to avoid frictions and confrontations. This Persona-friendliness is a derivative of Christian sentiment, which I shall return later.
But first, back to the problem of science: our modern scientific and technological world and their way of life is made up mainly of scientists, whose main function is extraverted or introverted thinking, coupled with extra - or introverted sensation. In physics, for example, draw the introvert like Einstein, Bohr, Pauli, etc. from the theoretical physics, the extraverts such as Wernher von Braun, the experimental physics. The intuition function is not completely locked out, because you need speculative ideas to find new models of thought. But the feeling is nowhere, mostly in childish, well-meaning phrases uttered, all of which "should" contain the word. And with the exception of Niels Bohr, physicist have all the contracts referred to in the production of the atomic bomb worked, or want to work! Today, with the physicists in the U.S., a trend of Hindu philosophy which, although anti-materialistic, but the life of the individual 'considered for anything.
inhuman As has become the modern medicine, needs no comments. The newspapers are full of it, but does occur almost nothing. One can therefore not assess the lonely pioneering work of Dr. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross is high enough to dare a step in the right direction.
Another area where our sense failed miserably, the so-called development aid. The doctor Benno Glauser has also an excellent article in the journal of Switzerland. Red Cross (2) age. It reveals how we are trying to "help" people from other cultures by them but also try to impose our religious or scientific views, and thus destroy their own spiritual and religious survival. Our doctors, missionaries, planners and agricultural consultants will all of the condition of that we "know" what is right or wrong for others, and they are then disappointed and angry respectively, if these people refuse to help with our apathy, resistance and so-called ingratitude. I would like to quote from Glauser article, which is a Pai Indians in Paraguay said one medicine's assistant (3): "For us, Pai health is a state that" we call tekoresai ", so is that of" a state of being healthy "ensures need different things and situations are given, they all belong to the "state of being healthy" and make him the Pf1anzen and trees, taken individually as a remedy, but also all the plants and Trees together, true and balanced words spoken, good food, non-over-the-heads-of-other-across-action, and the jungle, the harmony, the community, talking with others, and talks, and maintenance of our "way of his ", and our own cultural life unfl nature, the feeling of strength that we through all the things I have mentioned, is given, the holding together of our community, quiet and live in security in our country, living together in the family and in the community and the parties. - Then comes your whites and makes us dependent on money and other material things: it destroys our "state of being healthy." Your leads to gossip, talk badly about others, you take our land away, to say no country no food, no food means disease. And in the end you attack in your pocket, pulls out a small white pill and want us to believe that the fact that we eat this pill, health lie that this pill is health ... "
All our destructive actions based how Glauser stresses on a fundamental lack of respect for other people and his sense of different cultural values - in other words, a lack of genuine feeling differentiated. We really know exactly at this disastrous effects of our behavior and the growing hatred of other Nations against the white race, but we do not seem to be able to do something about it.
One need not go so far to remote peoples to go to the same callous attitude prevails also with us to design from one group to another in front of our urban and regional planners as to their drawing board city and road plans to destroy that after the happiness of countless people . They think in cold blood, that if a dispossessed farmer receives a Adaequate monetary compensation or replacement land, there was no need requirements. The fact that the peasant but maybe loves his special piece of land does not count. Or we get old people out of their slum dwellings, where they Keep cats and birds feeding surprised us and then when they die promptly in their new so-called better, more hygienic environment, where do not like cats and bird dirt.
But what shall we do then? Our policy and change our legislation more extensively? For the latter apparently treated these problems? Erich Neumann wanted to set up in a militant way, in his book Depth Psychology and New Ethics "new moral boards, his book has made an impression, but in the land yielded no results. This is probably not the way to deal with the problem. I think the 22-year-old Jung has put his finger on the main point, namely, that first the "reality the soul, "must recognize that the unconscious and thus the reality of God's image or the self, and a trans-physical reality before we tackle anything else. Let me give an example: I was not long ago in Germany held a lecture on dreams of dying, which seem to point to a possible life after death. After the lecture, a nurse came in tears to me and said: "What did you say, can not and must not be true, because otherwise I would have to admit me as terrible things you did not say what ...!», but she has apparently dying patients ill-treated - perhaps stolen - in the belief that they no longer are aware there, so that their actions had no consequences anymore. But of course if her soul was still there and around? That would be a different matter. It is no coincidence that Dr. Kubler-Ross now, I am told to submit to spiritualism begins. It is the logical continuation of their work with dying, if you do not like us is convinced of the reality of the unconscious. Her feeling she leads logically to this step.
existed in all religions of all times and there is the idea of a god or gods and of an "other world" of non-material life, and only that alone can form the foundation of real ethics. "Deviation from Numen", so writes Jung, "Seems to apply everywhere and always as the worst and most original evil." (4)
Conversely, the essence of ethics on the phenomenon of conscience is founded on a feeling that the relationship between "individual and the transcendent" (5) or the archetype of the self.
What we are seeing in the other hand, the gross material world is all unjust suffering and the triumph of injustice. By the decency, you are a naive fool if you use them. The innocent suffering of the early Christian martyrs exercised at least an effect on the mass and so many converted to Christianity. But who remembers today the name of the young German school teacher who went voluntarily with his Jewish shui children into the gas chamber to console her? What does the suffering of the brave dissidents and Christians in Russia? Nothing! We read about it in the newspapers and put it with a resigned shrug aside.
Dr. Liliane Frey has published the dream of a dying patient, whose life was a series of external failures was. He dreamed: (6) "A voice ... said to me: "Your work and the suffering you have endured conscious, have saved hundreds of generations before you and will act in a hundred generations enlightening for You»
. Again, the existence of a world beyond is crucial. In a material world just is no solace to this man
But why should this have to do specifically to do with the feeling function? 1st recognition of a psychological reality is not important for all four functions of consciousness? Obviously, the value of ethics "in the main a product of the highly differentiated feeling function" (7), as Jung writes, it also requires a certain intelligence, which I shall return later. But in any case can not exist without ethics differentiated feelings, otherwise it becomes a rigid code of conduct, ie, a purely collective must. Anyone can do this, if for example a simple Polizeiverorduung is used schematically, and across the Great, we see how the state apparatus works in Russia.
But could someone argue, then where are the emotional type, which finally should be present in large numbers in any population? Why do they compensate for this contingency is not? We need to make a distinction between the existence of the collective feeling types and style of the time and the collective attitude of a culture. Of course we have many types of sensing with differentiated feeling among us, but the fashion of the time spirit of collective behavior, and valuing, recognizing the feeling not. This weakens the influence of emotion even when feeling types. In addition, the inferior function is a sensing type, as we know, thinking. This is therefore often follow the low-quality contemporary trends, in our time: the cheap materialism and intellectualism. Thus, we see example in some Latin cultures, a preference for the Communist ideology in its most stupid form, while the people themselves are rather less callous and not subjected to as many non-Latin peoples. I am thinking of Spain, Italy and some South American countries. What is all that bad, is that the official Zeitgeist today devalues the feeling. We hear often as the sentence (eg against the opponents of nuclear power) that they "just feel arguments instead of rational reasons cited for their cause," and that the mil secondary meaning, a sense that argument is nonsense eo ipso. Similar is evident among the youth unrest. Well-meaning authorities are trying again and again, with the rebellious youth "reasonable" (in quotes) to negotiate, without success, because these young people are moved by very vague, mostly negative feelings they may not translate into a thought or sensation language. Although some governments to beat before a very generous program for unemployed youth to enable them to further education. This is certainly good and right, but will it help enough? If an unemployed young rebel to rebel cease when he learns a bit more electronics? We know that the Soviets paid the rebels in part, but it is enough then that we lay down money? I do not think we will align as much if we keep ourselves on the level of the rational materialist thinking, not that the latter would be wrong as a whole, it is only wrong if we think it is the whole. Jung writes in a letter, (8) that we have become "one-sided intellectually and rationally" and have "forgotten that there are other factors, which are distinguished by the straight lines of reason and reason can not make influence. Therefore we see everywhere a flare of a mystical emotion, we1che one since the Middle Ages had declared missing. " This is a compensation of the technical progress made too quickly.
We need more than just understanding and reason, because the latter, young people make even more angry and we should give them a creative new total view of existence and may indeed offer a spiritual non-materialistic view as a whole, I believe we should connect with can make the unconscious as a psychic reality to which we not only with the mind, but also relate with the feeling and emotion must. How does it relate to the many forms of Eastern mysticism, which come to us now so fashionable? They too will turn into something intellectual easily, they turn primarily to the thinking and intuition, or as forms of yoga to the sensation. These teachings are in fact, as Jung points out, properly theological systems that respect the individual and his individual relationship to the divine little if at all. "Due to much Eastern knowledge," he writes, (9) "is ... replaced direct experience and thus obstructed access to psychology. However, it is understandable that people always try all possible paths, first, before they may decide to make their way into the untrodden. "
And in a letter to Miguel Serrano (l0), he continues: "They are two good representatives of East and West chose. Krishnamurti is completely irrational and let the solutions to the quietness, that is, whether, as belonging to mother nature to happen by itself. Toynbee its part believes that opinions can be formed and shaped. Neither the one nor the other believes in the flowering and - deployment of the individual as an experiment and to a dubious and perplexing work of God. Him we must lend our eyes and ears and our discerning mind ... "(because God We will get to consciousness). "We are in urgent need of a truth or a self-understanding, similar to that of ancient Egypt, as I found it at the Taos Pueblos still alive. The leader of their cult, the old Ochwiah Biano (mountain lake) told me. "We are the VoIk who lives on the roof of the world, we are the sons of the sun, which is our father every day we help him to be working ... We do this not only for ourselves but also for the Americans ... if they continue with it and stop us, they will see that not everything in 10 years the sun rises ". He rightly assumes that her dying day, their light, their awareness and sense when the narrowness of the American Rationalism destroys them. And the world will happen when it is delivered to the same rationalism. "
Elsewhere (11) stressed young that if we are the teachings of the East übrnehmen uncritically, we are obviously opinions more important than life in his own interior, so the hope and the liberating ecstasy of inner primal experience solidify soon to a predominantly intellectual effort, so We then take an original experience as a method have driven imitation.
suppress some Eastern methods even the unconscious, instead of establishing a relationship with him. (12) All of this will suffice to show that in Jung's view there is no true can be ethics without a living original experience of the divine. It is available by attaching to any theological or other education. Original experience can only be experienced by individuals, which I did not know, to me is the really real, it can exist in my head as an idea or opinion, but it is not experience. It matters a lot if I knew only from books and white elephants, that they exist, or if I've touched a saw, smelled,. Only this is a real experience, when I myself do with all functions, including the feeling of experiencing.
But what then of the Christian charity, it is not the end, what we look for and return to where we should? Certainly, Christianity was largely an emotional experience at the beginning. The first Christians were mostly slaves and uneducated people, and their brother or sister love each other created a fruitful bond between them. Vie1e early Christians even boasted of not being intellectual. But soon gained theological doctrinaire, dogmatic quarrels and other creditors follow the upper hand, and the all-embracing charity was concentrated by the principle of power, that enemy of all forms of love.
The Marxist slogan of the international solidarity is in some ways a return to early Christian ideal of love, However, without notice, based on the transcendent, only on the material side of existence.
In our time all the nations of the earth have become each other technically, economically and spiritually-oriented, and we therefore require more of a general sense of community. This is actually a strong point in the kornmunistischen propaganda. (13) Since the Sovietsystem many of his supporters disappointed in this regard has to turn many a Euro-communism and other needs. Che Guevara in South America is often literally as a hero of love celebrated, especially by women. Despite all the disappointments turn, many religious leaders of all denominations to Marxism because they feel that he is close to the early Christian ideal of brotherly love. But wherever communism has come to power, he has had the opposite results. Jung writes: (14) "The collective system, called political party or state: have a destructive effect on human relationships. They can also be easily destroyed, because the individual is still in a state of unconsciousness is, is the tremendous growth we1cher and the merger of the masses, not grown. As we know, is aimed at all the major effort to totälitaren States, personal relationships by fear and mistrust to undermine, the s produced an atomized mass in which the human Vollkornmen soul is stifled. Even the relationship between parents and children we1che of the closest and most natural, is torn by the State [...] The only way to stop this is to develop awareness of the individual. Thus it is immune to the lure of the collective organizations. Only thus will receive his soul, because their life is based on the human relationship. (15) The emphasis must be on the Incarnation are conscious and "is not on the state organization. And elsewhere: (16) "The unity and coexistence of mankind is one of the most important existential questions. But it is complicated by the fact that the individual must be self-present, which is possible only if the Community has only a relative value. Otherwise they are flooded and destroyed even the individual, and then there is not even her. In other words, a true community can only be formed by independent individuals who can be only up to a certain extent, community manager. Only they can meet the set in each of God's will ... "(genuine community needs" psychological understanding and empathy for different points of view ").
Many, mostly left-wing teenagers nowadays are experimenting with living in a community by trying using the merit of a new form of community relationship. But to conclude from what I have learned, such communities are breaking apart again due to internal disputes. The enthusiastic feeling of a loving accepting the other containing not when it comes to everyday life continues, because it's sentimental, a caricature, idealistic. Explosive blast consequently affects the community. Affects and emotions are but the signs of an undifferentiated feeling. I approached some young people who lived in communities, and it was all like other people, and in terms of their emotional relationships, but it led mostly to the fact that they left their original community and created instead a circle of personal friends . Now make many a cult of affects and emotions in a positive form of musical "happenings" or negatively by the Kravalle. The Kravallanten often think that they express feelings, but this is not entirely true, because feelings are coupled only in a primitive state with emotion, feeling is not differentiated, however emotionally. (17) Maintain awareness emotions and affects pathological and ultimately leads to self destruction. What is wrong but not with the Christian charity and its secular-materialist sequels in socialism and communism? Its positive aspect is a certain amount of general human compassion that connects us with all people, but their negative Emotional aspect is childish sentimentality, the latter simply the flip side of brutality. (19) While our old ladies knitting wool pants for the naked little Niggers, destroyed the life of slave handlers of the same denominations of thousands of black people. This is just an example of that sentiment and Brutaität are two sides of a case. We can not return to such a childish Christian charity, but we must return to her as a general love of humanity to a higher level. How would that look like? Jung calls it a new form of Eros (Love), a wholly-making, healing Effect and the aura of a individuated personality. (20)
This Eros is incidentally a female principle. (21) This form of love was symbolized in the alchemical tradition, by a strange image, through rose-colored blood, which heals the Sorcerer's Stone, or "homo putissimus" sweat out and all people. Homo putissimus means the purest and most genuine (non-alloy) Man, in contrast to Christ, the homo purissimus, the purest man. (22) He is a man who knows everything human and no foreign influence or admixture distorted. He would, it says, free the world from evil at the end of time through his rose-colored blood. This symbolizes a certain Eros, the many individuals, and agrees and makes all the sense of failure and to compensate for our time, a form of love that is greater self-knowledge and insight mil connected. The former Christian love was too blind and lack of insight, can be explained by it, even the Inquisition. "The blind is love," said Jung, (23) "the more instinctive it is, and threatened with destructive consequences, because it is a Dynamis, which requires the form and direction." For their proper use is required, therefore, a heightened awareness and a higher position, for an unconscious person is fooled by its projections and can not really question the other love and see how he is. Too large of emotion unconsciousness also produces an excessive and often first to intimacy, a judgment-free self-unite, which is then blown apart in a enantiodromia by an emotional outburst. A differentiated emotional relationship, however, a certain distance one, which is different in each case. Jung writes in a letter: (24) "The distance reductions are part of the most important and most difficult chapter of individuation. The danger is always that the distance is only reduced on one side, from which inevitably creates a kind of rape mil subsequent resentment. Every relationship has its optimum distance, which are naturally found empirically must ... The resistors must be carefully considered ... "Young notes that this is particularly difficult between husband and wife, because it interferes even sexuality. A differentiated relationship would be at the same time feeling a deep empathy and warm personal proximity to others as well as a certain distance, an understanding and a lack of understanding, the latter being the silent respect of the mystery of the other person means. For blind and driven lover brings this distance a big pain, but it guarantees him or her and his or her freedom, without which individuation is not possible. This seems to me a point of great importance and future role to be.
In a discussion about the danger of a third war, this time probably nuclear war, Young stated that would be the only drag a worldwide religious movement detected, (25) which led to a general reversal. Since Jung wrote this in 1945, we can observe that tests done in this direction at different locations: a revival of Islam, sects such as the Baha'i, the Korean Moonies, Buddhist missions, or the countless Hindu gurus. They all try to trigger such a world movement, not least the Catholic Church, in the still "the mind touches the animal mass," (26) as well as the recent events in Poland demonstrate once again. But all so1che re1igiösen systems are unfortunately not just a redeeming factor that they have themselves also a dangerous shadow. An archetype that moves the masses out, mostly to the fact that people think that they possessed only the truth, so they pursue dissenters so. Also desirable religious leaders like political leaders time and again that the individual is totally his, identifies the truth that still remains on one side. "Even if there should be a great truth, the identification would thus be something like a disaster by the fact still is more spiritual development. Instead of finding one then has only conviction, and that is sometimes more convenient and "so attractive (27) In other words. A worldwide religious movement we could but for the spiritual desolation of materialism and perhaps save of a third world war, but would still have the disadvantage of supporting a certain mass mentality. Only a conscious understanding of his own shadow and the shadow of the archetypes, that is, the religious forces could protect us from being swept away by the mass psyche and tendency to self-destruction. This means that we have a differentiated sense of relationship-including the required distance to the inner powers need to develop an "I-Thou relationship should produce the self, the deity or the numinosum and develop it instead of an uncritical religious fanaticism, which is based on a possession by the numinosum.
The emotional relationship outside of neighbor and goes to the archetypal powers inside in a strange way, hand in hand. In his memoirs, in fact pointed Jung, that the criterion of a life the relationship with the infinite, ie, the numinous world of the archetype. (28) "Only if I know that the Infinite is the essence, I switch my interest not to Futilitäten ... In the end you will be considered only because of the essential, and if one does not have is wasted life. Also in relation to other people, it is crucial whether the limitless expressed in it or not. " Jung says the fact that a deeper relationship with the other only over the possible self. From I to I usually consist of only superficial interest groups. As the self is affected in a relationship, I can not perform here. Jung has tried to present in his books on the transmission and mystery Coniunctionis. Again and again, but it remains a mysterious adventure of love.
It seems to me-now-to complete that today, boys concerns will gradually understood better than during his lifetime, but that these essential point, the rehabilitation of interpersonal Eros and a more sophisticated sense of relatedness to the transcendent far too little is seen. Too many people see guys statements as a philosophical system or theory or worse than a new collective ideology or a new direction in psychological theory, what are they not all. The analytic process is a process of purely empirical experience in we1chem psychology ultimately transcends itself as a pure science. (29) During this process, all the living encounter with internal and external entities to which we must establish a sense of relationship. Jung's emphasis on individual elements is deliberately and intentionally one-sided, to compensate for the currently prevailing collective bias. "There," he wrote in 1934, (30) "is always the two positions and will give irnmer, namely the position of social leader who, where he is an idealist, salvation in a more or less complete suppression of the individual ( favor del Community) sees, and the spiritual leader who seeks to achieve an improvement only in the individual. I see no possibility of reconciliation between the two, since they form an essential pair of opposites that the world in balance. " Jung saw his own role in the improvement of the individual, what is not without personal and is unique emotional relationship. Maybe he will go down later in the story than that sought knight who brought back the Community of the disappeared Graal vessel, the feminine principle of Eros, that is, as those "homo putissimus" del A1chemie who exuded a rose-colored blood, a new form of healing and all-giving love, which pick up even the just-mentioned dichotomy collective not individual, but could be bridged.
(1) letter to Mrs. Froebe Kapteyn 16 August 1947, dt not in the output. MANUAL: Letters.Vol. 1, p. 475, translated by me.
(2) 'no. 5.1. July 1981, p. 13 ff
(3) Lc. P. 17/18.
(4) Letters Vol Ill, p. 103, letter dated 11 VI. 1957th
(5) See ibid Ill, p. 27, v. 26 Letters V. 56th See letter v. 9 Vil. 57, ibid p., 114
(6) 1m radius of death. Daimon, Zurich 1980, p. 34
(7) Letters vol 1, p. 293, 20th Letter 37th Ill.
(8) Covers Vol l, p. 170, 10 X. 33.
(9) 29 January 1934, Letters I, p. 183
(10) 14 September 1960, Volume III, p. 344 See also 8th June 1943, Letters I, p. 392 ff n (11) 9 X. 60 Letters III, p. 350 f.
(12) letters sixth XII. 60 Letters III, p. 362 / 3
(13) See Collected Works, vol 10, p. 290 and passim.
(14) 12 July 1947, Letter 11, p. 90
(15) My emphasis.
(16) 17. VIII, 1957, Letters Vol III, p. 119 See also letter of 8.1.50, and 23.9.49 Letters Vol II. Letters Vol 11
(17) Letter 7.2.50, Vol II, p. 174
(18) Letter 29.1.42, in the English edition, Vol 1, p. 312
(19) See Letter 10.5.32, Volume 1, p. 126
(20) Of the Würzeln of consciousness. Zurich 1954th The Philosophical Tree, Chapter 7, p. 411 ff The rose-colored blood and the rose.
(21) Engl Letters Vol 1, p. 465
(22) Würzeln, 1.c., p. 412th
(23) Würzeln, 1.c., p. 414
(24) 20.9.28 Letter, Letters vol 1, p. 79
(25) Cf. 12:12:45 Letter, Volume 1, p. 496 26 Ibid.
(27) Quoted from the Würzeln, 1.c., p. 585.
(28) Erinnerungen, Träume, Gedanken Walter Olten 1981, S. 327 / 8 (llte Aufl.) Unterstreichung meine
(29) Von den Wurzeln, Le., S. 590/91.
(30) 10.19.1934, Briefe 1, S. 226
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